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PROGRESSIVE 

SHEEP RAISING 



By R.J. H.De LOACH 

DIRECTOR 

ARMOUR'S BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 

AND ECONOMICS 

Assisted by H. A. PHILLIPS 

MANAGER ARMOUR'S SHEEP DEPARTMENT 




ARMOUR'S BUREAU OF 
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND ECONOMICS 



REQ. NO. 300962 ^ 



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Copyright iqi8. Armour and Company 



Introduction 

By F. Edson White 
Vice President of Armour and Company 

THE sheep, as a domesticated animal, is closely bound with the 
great movements of world commerce during the past hundred 
years. The history of sheep raising reflects the remarkably 
rapid development of commerce and industry during the nineteenth 
century, in which the founders of the packing industry took part. 

Th 1r1 11/ / ^^^^ ^^Sir\ a century ago mutton was little 

1 tic Olu wool used outside the densely populated districts 
Type of Sheep of the Old World. In the Americas, Africa, 
Australia and Central Asia — remote regions 
where transportation was poor and land was cheap and sparsely 
populated — there was no market for mutton and sheep were raised 
for skins and fleeces only. For the production of these, the Merino 
was the ideal type, and it had the field all to itself. 

Up to as late as 1870 four-fifths of all the sheep in America were 
either pure-bred or grade Merinos. During the following twenty 
years, however, several developments of world-wide significance 
took place which changed the aspect of the world's sheep-raising 
industry. 

Vi/h M H ' ^^'^'"°^*^ building and steamboat opera- 

W tietl lYlUttOn tion, along with the practical application of 
SupefSeded large-scale refrigeration and the refrigerator 

Wool ^^^' annihilated time and distance between 

the sheep ranges and the centers of world 
meat consumption so that the sheep grower for the first time found 
himself face to face with the strong and steady pull of a world de- 
mand for mutton as well as wool and skins. 

Sheep growers began crossing their wool-growing type of sheep 
with the various mutton types of Europe. 

If PA 7* n Not until 1 86q was the first through-line 

How rrlllip U. railroad opened up between Chicago and 
Armour Broad- New York, so that cars of western meats or 
ened the Market other goods could be shipped through to 
eastern markets without reloading. 



In 1875 Philip D. Armour erected in Chicago the first really 
large-scale chill room in the world, although small ice boxes, and 
even a crude typ>e of refrigerator cars, had previously been used by 
others. 

Previous to 1880 Mr. Armour, who was also responsible for the 
actual building and operation of the first whole line of refrigerator 
cars, killed no sheep in his several packing plants. Pork was the 
ideal packing meat, as it still is; and fresh meats had not yet become 
a commodity on the market. In fact, packing houses were operated 
only during the winter months, and no meats at all were packed in 
summer until after large-scale refrigerative control had been estab- 
lished. 

TA ]W /•* Beef — pickled, smoked and dried — followed 

I he Mutton pork as a commodity on the market. The 

Market Devel- world's appetite for fresh meats was satisfied 
oped Last ^^^y iJ^sofar as home slaughter and the local 

butcher could satisfy it. But mutton, being 
strictly a fresh meat product, and not lending itself to pickling, 
smoking and drying, became a world commodity only after the 
■development of refrigerated transportation. 

In 1880 Mr. Armour began killing a few sheep in Chicago to 
supply the local market. The large-scale slaughter and distribution 
of sheep in the new world had to await not only the development of 
a great line of refrigerator cars and scores of branch houses, but the 
development of the public taste for mutton and a mutton type of 
sheep to satisfy that growing taste. 

The first Armour branch house was 
The Present erected in New York City in 1 884. This was 

Armour Market immediately followed by one in Albany. By 
1 8qo there were.forty branches, and this num- 
ber had doubled before 1 894. 

Today the market through which Armour disposes of the 
vast number of high-grade lambs and sheep purchased annually 
for cash from the American farmer consists of more than four hun- 
dred branch houses in this country alone. Several thousand 
refrigerator cars are constantly in operation between the twenty 
Armour packing plants and these hundreds of branch houses. 

A great system of side industries has been developed to utilize 
all of the by-products, in the manufacture and sale of such articles 
as glue, glycerine, violin strings, pepsin and fertilizer, which enables 
us to pay the sheep raiser a maximum price for his live animals 



Armour's 
Farm Service 
Bureau 



This book has been prepared under the 
auspices of Armour's Farm Service Bureau, 
which has been organized to study the whole 
Armour system of industries in their relation 
to farm production, to serve as a middle- 
ground of information and co-operation between the several Armour 
industries and the farmer and to make researches into problems of 
farm production. 

It is our hope that this bureau will fulfill a useful mission in 
Citablishing a closer understanding and co-operation between the 
producer and the packer in particular; but also, in a broader sense, 
between the farmer and the business man, and between business 
and our educational institutions. 




Table of Contents 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION, by F. Edson White 3 

THE SHEEP SITUATION TODAY q 

Why Sheep Went West Q 

The Present Eastward Trend lo 

Increased Importance of Sheep 1 1 . 

The Opportunity 1 1 

The Breeder Safe 12 

Relation of Breeder and Feeder 12 

The Sheep Market 12 

Prospects for Prices 13 

THE SHEEP IN FARM ECONOMY 14 

The Ranch Vanishing 14 

The Farm the Place for Sheep 14 

Relation to Weeds and Waste 14 

Value of Sheep Manure 15 

RAISE SHEEP FOR MEAT 17 

Wool Supply Follows Mutton 17 

Should We Sell Lambs 17 

A Lamb Market Necessary 18 

Should Encourage Lamb Consumption 18 

BREEDS AND BREEDING 20 

Secure Breeding Stock 20 

Breeding Ewes 20 

Renew Stock with Pure Bred Ram 21 

General Classification of Breeds 21 

Types of the Different Breeds 22 

Fine Wool vs. Mutton Breeds 23 



PAGE 

Cross Breeding 23 

In the Mating Season 24 

During Pregnancy 24 

Suggestions for Lambing Time 24 

A First Aid Outfit 25 

Caring for the Ewe 25 

Caring for the Lamb 25 

MARKETING MUTTON AND LAMB 26 

What Are the Market Demands 26 

Early Spring or Hot-House Lambs 26 

Spring Lambs 26 

Fed Lambs 27 

Imported Sheep and Lambs 28 

THE FEEDING OF SHEEP 29 

Feeding Ewes iq 

At Lambing Time 29 

Begin Feeding at Ten Days 30 

Healthy Lambs Economize Feeds 30 

Feeding for Breeders or for Market 31 

Gains From Different Grains 31 

Rations Worked Out by Experiment Stations 31 

Rations for Fattening Lambs 32 

Calculating Feeding Costs 33 

How to Fatten Sheep 34 

Substitute Barley for Wheat 35 

The Wool Pays the Feed Bill 36 

Self Feeders Should Not be Used 36 

GOOD PASTURES A BASIC CROP 37 

Good Pastures Important 38 

Value of Native Grass 38 



PAGE 

Rye, Good and Easy to Grow 38 

Vetch and Rye , 38 

Alfalfa and Oats. 39 

The Clovers 39 

Do Not Graze Clover too Young 39 

Rape and Cabbage as Feeds 40 

Trees in Pasture 40 

GENERAL CARE AND MANAGEMENT 41 

Care of Sheep 41 

Culling the Flock 41 

Shearing 42 

Docking of Lambs 42 

Castration of Lambs 43 

Dogs a Great Hindrance 43 

Why Not Have Dog Laws 44 

A Uniform Dog Law 44 

Sheep Husbandry 45 

DISEASES OF SHEEP 46 

Sheep Diseases Classified 46 

External Diseases. 46 

Stomach Worms 47 

Nodular Disease 47 

Treating Internal Diseases 47 

Dipping 48 

Avoid Bloating 48 

By-Products of the Sheep 49 

Table of Receipts at Seven Markets 51 

Table Showing Range of Lamb Prices 51 

List of Officers of the Various 

Sheep Breeders' Associations 52 

References , 54 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 



Progr^sive Sheep Raising 

By R. J. H. De Loach, Director 

Armour's Burma of Agricultural Research 

and Economics 

The Sheep Situation Today 

THE year 1915 marked a new era in the American 
Sheep industry. It was then that the national 
movement was started for putting sheep back on 
our American farms. 

For many years prior to that time 
Why Sheep the drift of tiie sheep raising industry 

V/ent West in this country had been toward the 

great free ranges of the far west. 
Grazing lands with an abundance of wild grasses were 
plentiful and the cost of raising sheep under such condi- 
tions was abnormally low, from the viewpoint of a trained 
economist who insists upon assigning to everything — 
even wild pasture land — its true economic value, and the 
grasses gleaned from them were not represented in the 
prices of the sheep which came from them to the mid- 
west and eastern markets. 

Meanwhile the improved and cultivated lands of the 
eastern states were rapidly increasing in value. The 
o^A^ers specialized more and more upon the crops v/hich 
yielded the best returns and against which there was no 
abnormal competition from the west. Consequently, 
grain, vegetables, hogs and dairying became more prev- 
alent and the sheep population dwindled in proportion. 

Page Nine 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

There are still great areas of these 
Present fj-gg ranges. It is economy and in the 

Eastward public interest that they should be 

Trend fully utilized. In fact, more attention 

should be given to this than ever 
before. In 1916 our public lands suitable for grazing 
amounted to about 750,000,000 acres and supported 
1,750,000 cattle and 7,850,000 sheep. 

However, that condition is passing and will soon go 
the way of the Buffalo and the Longhom Steer. The 
increasing population of the country and the decreasing 
acreage of these ranges, due to settlement, have com- 
bined in recent years to take up som^ of the slack and 
force a closer grazing, which makes it necessary to use 
more and more concentrates to finish range sheep for 
market. These conditions are gradually bringing u\. 
the cost of range sheep until now, under favorable con- 
ditions, sheep can be raised and finished for market on 
the farm almost as cheaply as on the ranges. 

The farmers who settle this land will, of course, continue 
to raise sheep on it, but it will be on a basis similar to 
that of the small farmer in the East. The cost of raising 
these sheep will never again be so low as it was on the free 
range. 

The high prices of mutton and wool, suddenly sharpened 
by the world war, were no doubt responsible for the 
awakening of the farmers to this change in the economic 
situation with regard to sheep raising and the resulting 
nation-wide movement to get our farm lands re-stocked 
with sheep. 

We are now beginning to learn for the first time what 
the sheep really stands for. We are beginning to appre- 
ciate it as a national asset. Of all m.eat animals it may be 
that the sheep will eventually prove the most indispensa- 
ble. Lamb meat already stands at the top — and wool has 

Paf,e Ten 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

no equal as a fiber for the manufacture of clothing. Ade- 
quate substitutes may yet be found for leather and other 
by-products of meat animals, but there is little likelihood 
of our ever finding a suitable substitute for wool. 

J . The Army had to be clothed as well 

increasea ^g f^^ -^q^i ^^3 ^^^q best if not the 

Importance only material out of which suitable 

of Sheep clothing could be made, and it required 

the wool of twenty sheep to outfit 
each soldier. This combination of circumstances has 
created a world-wide interest in the sheep industry, 
marking, as we say above, a new era in the American 
industry and giving impetus to the backward swing of the 
sheep population from the free ranges of our far west to 
the thousands of mid-west and eastern farms from which 
they had formerly disappeared. 

Those who think of entering the 
The Oppor- business of sheep breeding naturally 

tunity ask themselves, what are the chances 

for a permanent sheep and wool 
market? Such a question is fully justified. The following 
news item is quoted from the United States Food Admin- 
istration in February, 191 8: 

"It is probable that Europe for many years after the war 
will look to a great extent to America for its meat supply. 

"Europe's herds are dwindling under war's demands 
faster than they can be replenished. 

"When the German armies retired from occupied por- 
tions of France and Belgium approximately 1,800,000 
head of cattle were appropriated. This addition virtually 
safeguarded Germany from the cattle shortage other 
nations now suffer." 

While sheep are not specifically mentioned in this 
report, yet the decline in all kinds of livestock has a 
direct bearing on any branch of the industry. Besides 
there is a world shortage of sheep amounting to many 
million head. 

Page Eleven 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

In these days of high priced wool 
The Breeder and mutton, sheep breeders have 

Safe reaped large benefits. They have 

had good pastures and the natural 
wastes of the farms or the ranches, and have made money 
almost without exception. This is borne out by personal 
interviews with many of the best breeders in the country. 

Each year hundreds of breeders 
The Relation find themselves with more sheep than 
of Breeder they have provided feeds for, and find 

and Feeder ^^ expedient to send a part of the flock 

to market before it is finished. At 
the same time hundreds of feeders with a surplus of 
feeds have found it both convenient and profitable to 
buy up these flocks and finish them for a later market. 
This is a safe and legitimate operation if conducted with 
calm judgment. 

Within the past few months (written March, iqi8) a 
number of farmers have bought good light lambs at high 
prices, finished them on costly feeds and put them on the 
market, making fair money in most cases, breaking about 
even in some, and actually losing money in a few. 
This has caused some confusion and misunderstanding, 
but it has been due to an unfortunate combination of 
circumstances, which will sometimes happen in any 
business. 

We have every reason to believe 
The Sheep that there is a world shortage of sheep. 

Market in which event the market is safe for 

several years to come. Whatever 
conditions may be brought about by the present war, we 
can feel assured that the law of supply and demand will 
always regulate prices, which in turn regulates the plainting 
of crops and the breeding of meat animals. This world 
shortage of sheep has helped to stimulate the industry, and 
popularize the raising of mutton and lamb and, we feel 

Page Twelve 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

justified in saying, has provided a broad and firm founda- 
tion for the industry as a business venture. 

We feel safe in saying that the prices 
Prospects of mutton and wool will remain high 

for Prices for several years after the war closes. 

Since the war began our standards of 
living have continued to go steadily higher, and the 
scale of values all along the line has advanced. We 
anticipate a greater demand for meat after the war than 
ever before, due to the fact that thousands of young 
men who have not been accustomed to a regular meat 
diet are being educated to expect it while in the army, 
and will not be inclined to do without it when they 
return to their respective homes. 



Page Thirteen 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISI N G 

The Sheep In Farm Economy 

Much of the public land in the west 

The Ranch is being opened up for settlement from 

Vanishing year to year, and the area for grazing 

large flocks of low priced sheep is 

gradually diminishing in this way. 

America's great opportunity is in 
The Farm the placing sheep back on farm lands. 
Place for Sheeo ^^^^ insures a public interest in the 
^ industry and a permanent supply of 
sheep and wool. Sheep respond read- 
ily to man's care and keeping and are economical on the 
small farm. They pay a good dividend on the investment, 
and will be a comfort to every farmer who takes the time 
to succeed with them. 

We are convinced that every American farm should have 
a flock of sheep on it, the number in the flock to be de- 
termined by the size and nature of the farm. 

From the standpoint of national economy the sheep 
should be regarded as a farm necessity the same as poultry 
and hogs. It is only then that we shall develop a whole- 
som.e sheep industry on our farm lands. 

It has been learned by carefully 
Relation planned experiments that sheep will 

to Weeds eat and thrive on about ninety per- 

and Waste cent of all the species of weeds and 

grasses growing on the average farm. 
They clean out the weeds by keeping them cut down to 
the ground. They also help to eliminate waste by con- 
suming the surplus of forage of all kinds, and make a good 
medium through which the surplus grain and other con- 
centrates can be marketed with profit. There is a greater 
profit feeding these to sheep than there is in selling them. 

Page Fourteen 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

In the first place, the sheep will make good use of the 
feeds and help to make quick returns. In the second 
place, the small farmer is obliged to market such feeds 
generally in small quantities. They are not standard- 
ized, and under such conditions only about seventy-five 
percent of their value is realized. 

We very seldom put the proper 
Value of Sheep valuation on sheep in their relation 
Manure ^^ ^°^^ fertility. Each sheep will void 

about four to five pounds of manure 
daily — making more than two tons daily from a flock of 
a thousand. 

Sheep manure stands high when compared with that of 
the horse or cow. It contains far more plant food. Voor- 
hees says in his book on fertilizers, that "sheep manure 
contains less water, and is richer in the fertilizing con- 
stituents than either horse or cow manure." The follow- 
ing table shows the relative value by giving the number of 
pounds of plant food in a ton of each : 

Cow 

Nitrogens 7.6 

Potash 3.2 

Phosphoric Acid •. . 7.2 

Juice 6.2 

Total 24.2 31.0 41.2 

From this table it will be seen that a ton of sheep 
manure has a total of seventeen pounds of plant food more 
than a ton of that of the cow, and 10.2 pounds more than 
a ton of that of the horse. 

Every farmer knows how valuable animal manures are 
in the production of large crops. The actual plant food 
contained in them constitutes the measure of their value. 
And on this basis sheep manure is the richest of all. 

Page Fifteen 



Horse 

10.6 


Sheep 
16.6 


5.6 

10.6 

4.2 


13.4 
4.6 
6.6 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

In Europe sheep are considered a matter of so much 
importance in the maintenance of soil fertility, that the 
flock is hurdled in movable pens several nights on plowed 
ground prior to the time of planting, and the shepherd is 
up through the night disturbing the flock from time to 
time in order to secure the greatest possible amount of 
manure. 



Page Sixteen 




A load of Western Range Lambs in Union Stock Yards, Chicago. 




'Choice" "Good" "Medium" "Common" 

LAMBS AS THE BUTCHER SEES THEM. 
Reprinted from "Market Classes and Grades of Meat," 
Illinois Bulletin No. 147. 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Raise Sheep for Meat 

THE raising of sheep for wool alone is a thing of the 
past in this country and in most other countries 
of the world. It certainly is uneconomical on the 
valuable farm lands of agricultural districts, where the 
sheep-raising industry of the future must justify itself. 
England faced this problem from the first and all English 
sheep are raised for both mutton and wool. 

A sheep raising industry for wool alone 
Wool Supply could hardly exist under modem condi- 
Follows Mutton tions in the United States. Experience 
has shown that where we raise sheep for 
wool alone we will not long have either meat or wool, for 
the industry will dwindle or die out; whereas if we raise 
them for the meat primarily we find them to be a cheap 
source of meat, and the industry becomes profitable and 
self-perpetuating and we have an abundance of both meat 
and wool. 

It is estimated by the Secretary of Agriculture that the 
number of sheep in this country could be increased one 
hundred and fifty percent without displacing other live- 
stock, and this could be done largely on farm lands. 

We import an average of three hundred million pounds 
of wool annually into the United States, or about half of 
our total normal consumption. It seems that we should 
be growing most of that here on our American farms. 

The impression seems to prevail in 
Should We this country that in Great Britain the 

Sell Lambs custom is to eat mutton and save the 

lambs, while in the United States the 
tendency has been to kill off lambs which might better 
have been kept to produce more wool and a heavier yield 
of meat at maturity. 

Page Sevetiteen 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

This impression, however, is a mistaken one. The 
English eat more lamb and less mutton than is generally 
supposed, most of their lamb being imported from Aus- 
tralia, New Zealand and Argentina. 

Great Britain still consumes a smaller proportion of 
lamb than the United States, but the proportion of 
lambs to aged stock was steadily growing up to the time 
of the war. 

Statistics show that both Australia and New Zealand, 
up to August, iqi4, were greatly increasing their lamb ship- 
ments to Great Britain at the expense of "aged" mutton, 
and it is our belief that in the future, lamb shipments will 
develop a still greater predominance. 

Furthermore, there are economic considerations which 
justify the farmer or rancher in sending lambs to market, 
rather than endeavoring to save all of them for mature 
weight and one or more shearings of wool before killing. 

The average sheep raiser must find 
A Lamb ^ market for his lambs, keeping back 

Market only enough ewe lambs to replenish 

Necessary his breeding flock. This is on account 

of the cost of feeding them through 
the winter. He would, of course, get a shearing of wool 
off lambs carried over, which would fully compensate 
him for the cost of the feed. And there would be a gain 
in the weight of each animal so held. But when he took 
them to market he would have "aged sheep" and not 
"lambs" and the falling off in price per pound would 
more than offset the gain in number of pounds. 

This has all been figured out by 
bnoula hncour- breeders again and again, and they find 
age Lamb it more profitable and therefore best for 

Consumption the perpetuity of the sheep raising in- 
dustry, that surplus lambs be sent to 
market and that the public taste for lamb be catered to 
rather than discouraged as being unpatriotic and wasteful. 

Page Eighteen 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Well bred lambs mature quickly if properly cared for, 
and command a higher price in this country per hundred- 
weight than mutton. We feel that it is safer to have a 
lamb-and-mutton market than to have only a mutton 
market. 



Page Nineteen 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Breeds and Breeding 

MANY farmers wish to go into the sheep industry to 
a Hmited extent, but do not know where to secure 
breeding stock. We would suggest that a flock of 
twenty-five to fifty ewes be purchased from any good reliable 
breeder or from the market places, and a registered ram 
be put with them. Lambs should not be bred under an 
age of about eighteen months. Only the best flocks should 

be patronized in securing these rams, and 
Secure Breed- the advice of experts should be sought. 
ing Stock Usually the best breeders advertise in 

The American Sheep Breeder, The 
National Wool Grower and other good livestock journals 
and reference can be had here for breeders. The sheep 
breeder will do well to subscribe for one or more good live- 
stock journals. It would be well to write to the Secretary 
of the national association of the breed you wish, who will 
always gladly give information. A list of such secretaries 
is given at the end of this booklet. 

Many times it will be found econom- 
Breeding ical and profitable to buy these ewe 

Ewes lambs in the open market. This is 

frequently done and with success. 

It does not pay, however, except when they are bought 
in car lots (about 125 animals to make a single-deck car), 
and shipped out of the Yards immediately. Several farm- 
ers can jointly take a car and have them properly selected 
by commission men who will, for a small commission, see 
that they are forwarded as soon as the order can be filled. 

In some cases a number of farmers have sent a repre- 
sentative to the Stock Yards to select sheep. When this is 
done, the services and suggestions of the commission men 
can be secured just the same. 

It will be found that everybody around the Stock Yards 
is interested and ready to co-operate in placing suitable 

Page Twenty 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

young lambs on farms. They feel that the success of the 
industry depends on this, and are glad to see an effort 
made to grow more sheep. 

. Where it is practical, it pays for the farmer to buy breed- 
ing stock from his neighbor, in order to save freight and to 
avoid accidents and loss. This is done to a considerable 
extent where farmers have neighbors who wish to sell small 
numbers of sheep, but even in such cases it must be kept 
in mind that the range sheep are usually healthier than 
natives and besides, native ewes are apt to be infested with 
internal parasites. From whatever source the breeding 
ewes come, it is better to get a registered ram of superior 
breeding from some breeder of blooded stock. 

It is necessary to buy a good ram 
Renew Stock every second or third year for every 
with Pure forty ewes in the flock. New blood 

Bred Ram ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^1 insure a larger percent 

of healthy lambs, and will also help 
in improving the flock. Select a good ram of the type 
or breed you are keeping. Do not permit breeders to 
put culls off on you. Any keeper will soon learn what are 
the characteristics of a good ram. 

In Circular Number 42, Louisiana State College, we 
have a very concise and at the same time rather complete 
statement regarding breeds and classification of sheep. 
It is so complete that we give it in part below: 

^ - "With the exception of the Merinos, 

Ueneral ^ most, if not all, of the pure-bred sheep 

Classification in this country are representatives of 
of Breeds the numerous breeds of British origin. 

The British breeds are classified in 
various ways, such as horned and hornless, dark-faced and 
white-faced, mountain and lowland, long-wooled and 
short- wooled ; but according to the best of the British 
authorities, the most usual plan is to divide them into 
mountain breeds, long-wooled breeds, and down breeds. 

Page Twenty-One 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

As in most classifications, however, it is difficult to 
draw sharp lines, although the three classes just men- 
tioned are fairly distinct. There is much variation in 
the sheep of Great Britain, but in all of them, over there, 
the carcass is the chief consideration. 

"If we include the Merino, another 
Types of classification divides sheep into three 

thp Different i^^ain classes, from the standpoint of 

J their wool, viz.: long-wools, repre- 

Breeas sented by the Lincoln, Cotswold, 

Leicester, etc.; middle or medium- 
wools, represented by the Shropshire, Southdown, 
Hampshire, etc., known as down breeds; and fine- wools, 
to which the different varieties of the Merino belong, such 
as the Rambouillet, Delaine and American. However, 
although fairly good mutton may be had from any of the 
breeds of sheep, the middle wool class is that from which 
the choicest quality is obtained and, therefore, is known 
as the mutton type. It includes the various down sheep 
just mentioned, and the Horned Dorset, Cheviot, etc. 

"The long- wool breeds are also used as mutton sheep, 
in addition to their wool-production, but their flesh is not 
considered of such fine quality as an edible product. 

"The fine- wools, such as the Merinos, are not usually 
looked upon as mutton sheep, although crossing with 
middle-wool blood produces a better mutton animal than 
the pure Merino. 

"The down-sheep, proper, are hornless, dark-faced and 
dark-legged; and the majority have close fine wool, com- 
paratively short in length, and with fleeces of medium 
weight. The most important economic feature is the 
quality of the carcass and the mutton. They do not 
readily become too fat, even when fed to great weights, 
and the mutton is of superior quality, being firm, fine in 
the grain, and rich in color. 

Page Twenty-Two 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

ri. M/ / "Referring for a moment to the 

tine Wool vs. fine- wools or Merinos, as wool-producers 
Mutton Breeds they are famous. The mutton qualities, 
however, are inferior, the sheep being 
muscular in type, carrying but little fat, and considered of 
about secondary importance in this respect. The cross- 
bred, or grade American Merino, is not improved for wool- 
production, but, as already stated, when crossed with 
middle-wool blood, a better mutton sheep is produced, 
although yielding less wool. 

"The mutton value of the Delaine Merino has been 
emphasized for some time; but it does not dress out so 
well as the true mutton type of sheep. The cross-bred 
or grade Delaine seems to be valued on the range." 

"The Rambouillet, which is of Spanish origin, although 
a native of the northwestern part of France, is a member 
of the great Merino family. As a mutton producer, this 
breed ranks well, but is inferior to the regular mutton 
breeds. Cross-bred and grade Rambouillets are well 
known on the Western ranges." 

There is perhaps no universally best breed. Some breeds 
do well in some places, while others do better in other 
places. Some farmers have wonderful success with par- 
ticular breeds, and almost fail with others. The particular 
breed that one selects must be largely a matter of individual 
choice. 

Joe Wing found that when Merino 
Cross Breeding ewes were crossed with good Down 
breeds, the result was good, but was 
best only when the ewe stock was kept pure Merino. In 
cross-breeding it is well to remember that the ram is just 
half the flock — and by far the easiest half to care for. 
Oxfords, Shropshries, Dorsets, Southdowns and Hamp- 
shires cross well on the Western ewes, and make rapid grow- 
ing lambs. The question of cross-breeding deserves much 
study, and will be found more successful on the farm than on 
the range for the reason that conditions and environment 
can be more easily controlled on the farm. 

Page Twenty-Three 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

In the Mating The following suggestions are quoted 

Season from Illinois Extension Circular No. 1 7. 

(a) Have the ewes in a gaining condition. 

(b) Shear the ewes around the rear parts, and see that 
the dung does not collect there. 

(c) Dip the ewes and the ram if ticks, lice, or scab mites 
are present. 

(d) Feed the ram a pound of grain each day. Grain 
should be fed to ram before mating begins. 

(e) Use one ram to every thirty-five to fifty ewes. 

(f) Keep a record of the time when the ram is turned in 
with the ewes and when taken away. 

During The period of pregnancy is 146 days and 

Pregnancy the following will be found a useful guide: 

(a) Have the ewes gain 15 to 25 pounds. 

(b) Utilize cheap roughages. 

(c) Feed grain and leguminous hay during the months 
of pregnancy. 

(d) Shelter the ewes from cold rains and storms. 

(e) It may be advisable to divide the ewes into groups 
relative to age, condition, or time of lambing. 

Suggestions Most of the following suggestions are 

for Lambing taken from Extension Circular, No. 
Time 18, University of Illinois, by Prof. W. 

C. Coffey, which contains much valu- 
able information on handling the flock at lambing time. 

The shepherd should keep watch over the flock at lamb- 
ing time. Keep thc/Cwes that are about to drop lambs 
separated from other kinds of live stock — and do not forget 
that hogs will eat young lambs. 

Provide warm quarters in cold weather and give ewes 
plenty of room. Have a few portable lambing pens, about 
four feet square. 

Page Tzventy-Four 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

A First Aid It is suggested that the following should be 
Outfit kept on hand for treatment of ewes and lambs : 

1 . Liquid sheep dip to be used as a disinfectant. 

2. Epsom salts, castor oil, and raw linseed oil to be 
used as physic. 

3. Tincture of iron, gentian and ginger to be used as 
a tonic. 

4. vSoap to place in water intended for injections to 
relieve constipation. 

5. Tincture of iodine to be used on swollen udders and 
on navel cords to prevent "navel ill." 

6. Swan-bill nipples for feeding milk to young lambs. 

7. A metal syringe provided with a large nozzle and also 
a small one suitable for giving injections to young lambs. 

8. A glass graduate for measuring doses of medicine. 

Caring for As lambing time approaches, pen the ewe 
the Ewe at night where she can be watched till the 

lamb is a few days old. 

It must be kept in mind that the ewe frequently requires 
help when giving birth to lambs. If help is given, great 
care should be taken to disinfect the hand — and do not 
tear the parts of the ewe. 

If the ewe seems to have no appetite six or eight hours 
after the lamb is born, raw linseed oil and epsom salts 
should be given. Two ounces of oil and four ounces of 
salts make a good physic. A teaspoonful of gentian in 
half pint of warm water three times daily makes a good 
tonic. 

Caring for See that the lamb finds the teat, and if it 
the Lamb is strong nothing more is necessary. A weak 
lamb should be helped till it is strong enough 
to find its food. 

If the lamb is disowned, confine it and its mother in 
a close pen, and smear some of the mother's milk on the 
lamb. Twins should always be put with the ewe both at 
the same time. 

Page Tzventy-Five 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Marketing Mutton and Lamb 

_^, During the past few years there has 

Wnat are \^qq^ ^ remarkable change in the sheep 

the Market business. ' 'Aged stock' ' has become very 

Demands scarce. Livestock men now market 

practically all of their stock as lambs. 
This has resulted almost in the elimination of wether 
sheep and yearling ewes. Receipts of "aged stock" are 
now almost all ewes, and even these at times are very 
scarce. 

r^ J Q - "The trade calls for light, plump, well 

tarty bpring finished lambs, weighing about 70 to 
or Hothouse 80 pounds on the hoof, and mutton 

Lambs weighing 100 to 125 pounds. The sale 

of poorly finished carcasses is very 
slow — but the demand is always heavy for good stock. 
In this country few of our wethers are above three years 
old when they are taken to market. We are a lamb-eating 
people, but will eat mutton when lambs are not available. 

The first run of spring lambs usually comes just before 
Easter. These are often termed "hothouse Iambs" and 
are the output of growers who specialize on early lambs. 
They are generally dressed with the pelts on. 

These are lambs that are dropped in November or 
December and prepared under artificial conditions for 
market. 

The idea in raising hot-house lambs is to bring them 
on the market in early spring and get fancy prices for 
them. For a limited supply of these lambs there is a good 
demand. They average about fifty pounds on the hoof, 
which is considered very light as lambs go. 

Spring Lambs ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ genuine spring 

lambs on the western markets is from 
Tennessee. The start in limited quantities about the 
middle of May, and come regularly after June first. 

Page Tzveyity-Six 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

They are pasture lambs and usually come from the 
South where pastures are green very early in spring, and 
where lambing time is somewhat earlier than farther 
north. These lambs may be fed grain with profit, even 
though they have plenty of rich pasture. In this way 
they can be quickly finished for market from April fifteenth 
to June first while prices are high. To get the best 
results with them, the ewes may be fed some grain but 
should receive cotton-seed meal and some hulls, and 
with these a light sprinkling of shorts. 

These Tennessee lambs are followed by Kentucky 
lambs during July, and the Central States Natives and 
western range lambs from July fifteenth to about Novem- 
ber first. 

These are the grain fed spring lambs 
Fed Lambs that run from about November first 

to June first. They are mostly range- 
bred stock that has been moved east during the fall and 
handled by feeders. 

The time required to finish these lambs depends upon 
the time that they are put on special feeds and the nature 
of the feeds used. Different feeds are used in different 
parts of the country. In some sections like Colorado 
where hundreds of thousands are finished for market, 
feeding is almost a profession. The practice there hinges 
on the rich alfalfa crops and the pea fields in the Arkansas 
Valley, the grains and other concentrates being shipped 
in. In Idaho, Montana and other western states, lambs 
are frequently kept over and finished during the fall 
and winter months on hay. In the middle west and 
further east, various kinds of feed combinations are 
used as suggested in the chapter on feeding. Soy-bean 
meal, shorts, corn meal, and various other concentrates, 
combined with some hay and clover or alfalfa, con- 
stitute the bulk of such feeds. In feeding for market 
farmers should exercise judgment for the reason that 
greatest profits are always made by judicious feeding. 

Page Twenty-Seven 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

For several years past frozen sheep 
Imported Sheep and lambs have been imported from 
and Lambs South America, Australia and New 

Zealand. Although the American 
trade is unused to handling frozen stock, these imported 
sheep and lambs have met with a ready sale and given 
entire satisfaction. 



Page Twenty- Eight 



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HAMPSHIRE 




SHROPSHIRE 



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DORSET 



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MERINO 




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rnims^ 



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COTSWOLD 





CORRIEDALE 



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PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

The Feeding of Sheep 

IT WILL be impossible to give a complete treatise on 
feeding in this booklet, but we feel justified in includ- 
ing some of the experiments and opinions of the best 
feeders. 

Sheep respond readily to good treatment. They clean 
up the weeds about the farm, and graze pastures and 
ranches, closer than other animals. They thrive with very 
little attention, but pay handsomely for the best care. 

Sheep that are raised on the large western ranges are 
usually fed lightly and only in winter except when they are 
being finished for market; in fact, it is not necessary to feed 
them in grazing season except to keep them tame and under 
control. They are primarily grazing animals and do 
best when they have free range. 

The ewes should be flushed just 

Feeding Ewes before breeding time in order to secure 

the best results. If on the farm, they 

can care for twin lambs, and are more apt to drop twins 

if well fed prior to breeding. 

They do not need very high feeding during winter. 
An abundance of forage, a half-pound of mixed grain 
feeds, and two or three pounds of silage or root crops 
daily per head will be sufficient. 

The most important part of the flock of sheep is the 
breeding ewes, and if we once learn to care for these we 
have solved most of the difficulties of the business. In 
selecting feeds a formula should consist of some alfalfa 
and other legume hay, such as clover, cow-peas or velvet 
beans. 

Do not feed grain two or three days 
At Lambing prior to, during and immediately after 

Time lambing time. There is danger of milk 

fever. Legume hay or other dry rough- 
age and silage or mangels can be fed with safety all through 

Page Twenty-Nine 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

the period of gestation and these may be supplemented 
with small quantities of grain a few days after lambs are 
dropped. Within a short time a full feeding of grain is 
possible without injury, if the quantity is very small at 
first and the increase gradual. 

The best paying feature of the sheep industry is the quick 
sale of fat lambs. Much study and attention therefore 
should be given to the subject of feeding lambs. 

They very early develop an appetite 
Begin Feeding for solid feeds, and will begin to nibble 
at Ten Days weeds and grass when only a few days 

old. Feeding may begin with safety 
at ten days of age, and should be done for the reason that 
a pound of flesh can be produced now much cheaper than 
when the lamb is older. Besides, too long delay will 
make it harder to put on flesh. In England, and more 
recently in this country, the custom has been developed 
of constructing creeps or small openings through which 
lambs can pass, but which keep back the ewes. 

These permit lambs to go into special inclosures where 
they can have extra attention. They should begin to 
use grain as early as they can with a degree of safety, 
which is about two or three weeks after birth. Other 
facts regarding the feeding of lambs are pretty well known, 
or can readily be learned from the many excellent books 
available, including state and Government bulletins. 



Healthy Lambs Healthy lambs make good use of 
Economize every ounce of feeds that go into them, 

Ppp^^ and while they are young is the time 

to plan and feed for marketing. Delay 
is costly. Every farmer knows that it is good business to 
use feeds where they count for most, and grown sheep 
cannot make as good use of feeds as lambs. 

Page Thirty 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Experiment has shown that to produce a hundred pounds 
of lamb flesh it was necessary only to add one of the 
following to the milk and grass diet: 

7 1 pounds of wheat bran 
or 74 pounds of com meal 
or 78 pounds of oats 
or 81 pounds of crushed peas. 

Feeding for Unweaned lambs that are to go to the 

Breeders or breeding flock at maturity should re- 

for Market ^^^^^ ^^^^' ^^^^ ^^^ P^^^' ^^^^^ those 

that are to go to the slaughter pen 

should receive corn. The corn produces a fat carcass and 

one better suited for market demands. 

Gains from 'The rate of gain from the different 

Different Grains ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^" ^^^ following 
quotation : 

"When alfalfa is used alone it requires no to 120 days 
to fit lambs for market ; with light grain feeding (one-fourth 
pound per head per day) 100 to no days; with medium 
grain ration (one-half pound), qo to 100 days; and with 
heavy grain ration (one pound), 70 to 80 days." 

He states that one-fourth pound a day of corn made as 
much gain as one-half pound, but that the gain was not so 
rapid. 

Rations In Henry's Feeds and Feeding (page 

worked out by 5^8) are given a number of results from 
Exveriment ^^^ various experiment stations in ra- 

^ J^ . tions for fattening lambs. The tables 

stations show how much rations should be given 

each day to a hundred lambs. They also show the weights 
of the lambs that were fed and the average daily gain 
resulting from the feed combinations. 

Page Thirty-One 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 



Rations for 

Fattening 

Lambs 



At various Stations different feeding 
stuffs and combinations of feeds have 
been used for fattening purposes. Ex- 
amples are here presented to aid the 
feeder in forming satisfactory combinations of grain 
and roughage and to guide in determining the quantities 
required. In all cases the rations are calculated for loo 
head. The weight of the lambs is given in each example : 



Michigan Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn and clover hay. Lbs. 

Av. wt. of lambs fed . . . 82 

Daily gain .31 

Shelled Corn 149 

Clover Hay 104 



Wisconsin Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn and Corn fodder Lbs. 

Av. wt. of Lambs fed. . . 76 

Daily gain .27 

Shelled corn 154 

Corn fodder 188 



Michigan Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn, oil meal and clover hay. 

Av. wt. of lambs fed ... 83 

Daily gain .34 

Corn 132 

Oil Meal 33 

Clover Hay no 



Michigan Experiment Station. * 
Corn, bran and clover hay 

Av. wt. of lambs fed. . . 80 

Daily gain .25 

Shelled corn 81 

Bran 81 

Clover hay 107 



Michigan Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn, Wheat and clover hay. 

Av. wt of lambs fed ... 85 

Daily gain .25 

Shelled corn 64 

Wheat 64 

Clover hay izq 



Wisconsin Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn, oats and hay 

Av. wt. of lambs fed. . . 8q 

Daily gain .38 

Shelled .orn 94 

Oats Q4 

Hay Q5 



Wisconsin Experiment Station. ^ 
Corn, peas and corn fodder. 

Av. wt of lambs fed ... 76 

Daily gain .32 

Shelled corn 87 

Peas 87 

Corn fodder 183 



Michigan Experiment Station 
Oats, hay and roots 

Av. wt. of lambs fed . . , 83 

Daily gain 

Oats 164 

Clover hay 140 

Ruta-bagas loo 



31 



iBul. 113. 

Page Thirty-Two 



2Rept. i8q6. 3Bu1. 128. 



^Bul. 107 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Minnesota Experiment Station. ^ Texas Experiment Station. ^ 

Wheat screenings and timothy hay Cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed 
Lbs. hulls Lbs. 

Av. wt. of lambs fed. . . 74 Av. wt. of lambs fed. . . 62 

Daily gain 2Q Daily gain 28 

Wheat screenings 211 Cotton-seed meal Q7 

Timothy hay 72 Cotton-seed hulls qy 

Minnesota Experiment Station. ^ ^ , , _ . ^ . , 

Barley, oil meal and timothy hay Colorado Experiment Station. 3 

Av. wt. of lambs fed . . . 76 ^'"^^'^ '"''' ""^ "^^^'-^^ ^'^^' 

Daily gain .33 Av. wt. of lambs fed. . . 8g 

Barley 170 Daily gain 2Q 

Oil meal iq Alfalfa hay 2Q0 

Timothy hay 72 Corn 67 

Barley, oats and corn were the cheapest concentrates in 
the growth of market lambs. Barley is easy to grow and 
sufficient attention has not yet been given to it in this 
country as a food for sheep. It is especially good in 
climates where winter wheat is likely to be winter killed. 

In order to calculate the exact cost 
Calculating of producing a hundred pounds of live 

Feeding Costs weight, one has only to refer to the 
daily papers and see the price of the 
materials he is selling, or to be even more practical, calcu- 
late the price of feeds by the prices we are getting on the 
market. The legal weight of grains is different in different 
states, but the following is accurate enough for practical 
purposes : 

Corn in ear 70 lbs. per bushel 

Corn shelled 56 lbs. per bushel 

Corn meal 48 lbs. per bushel 

Wheat 60 lbs. per bushel 

Barley 48 lbs. per bushel 

Rye 56 lbs. per bushel 

Oats 32 lbs. per bushel 

iBul. 113 2Rept. i8q6 ^Bul. 128 

Page Thirty-Three 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

, Woll, in Productive Feeding of Farm 
How to Animals (Lippincott), gives a series of 

Fatten Sheep formulas to be used in combination for 

finishing sheep for market, and they are 
so good and so representative that we reprint them here, 
giving them in the order in which we find them. The 
amounts are to be given daily to each animal weighing 
about one hundred pounds at the beginning of the finishing 
period : 

1. Two pounds clover hay, one pound wheat bran, 
one and a half pounds corn. 

2. One and a half pounds of hay, one and a half pounds 
roots, one and a half pounds of oats and wheat bran, equal 
weights. 

3. One and a half pounds clover hay, one pound roots, 
one pound corn, one-half pound wheat bran. 

4. Three pounds alfalfa, two-thirds pounds corn. 

5. One pound each cotton seed hulls and cotton seed 
meal. 

6. One and a half pounds clover hay, one pound corn, 
one-quarter pound wheat bran, one-half pound gluten 
feed. 




Combination hay and grain 
rack which may be entered by 
attendant when feeding grain. 
(U. S. Farmers* Bui. No. 810) 



Page Thirty-Four 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 



Substitute 
Barley for 
Wheat 



7. Two pounds alfalfa hay, two pounds ground corn 
and oats. 

8. Two pounds clover hay, one and a half pounds soy 
beans, one-quarter pound wheat bran. 

These combinations can be mixed in 
large quantities for flocks, and then 
given out by totals — the number of 
pounds to each sheep multiplied by the 
number of sheep to be fed. 

Barley makes a good substitute for oats or wheat in 
any one of the combinations, and may also be used in the 
place of corn. 

Barley is easily grown in the more northerly climates 
and is sure to come into more general use as a feed. It 
can be planted in spring and the crop is to be counted on. 
Any farmer can take these combinations and alter them 
to suit his own locality and finish sheep for market with 
no risk whatever. It is only a matter of care if the right 
combination of feeds is given. • 




Combination hay and grain 
rack, with grain troughs so con- 
struct^ that they may be pulled to 
back of rack and grain placed in 
them without entering the pen. 
(U. S. Farmers' Bui. No. 810) 

Page Thirty-Five 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

The owner of a flock of sheep can do nothing more im- 
portant than to make a study of these feed combinations 
and adjust them to suit his own climate and crop conditions. 
Success is sure to follow a careful and accurate observance 
of these results. 

The Wool Pays When sheep are properly cared for it 
Feed Bill ^^ estimated by western sheep breeders 

and feeders that the wool pays for the 
feed and the carcass is clear profit. This estimate is 
based on the assumption that the flock receives the proper 
attention from the dropping of the lambs to time for 
marketing. 

Self Feeders Sheep breeders often inquire about 

Should not ^^^^ feeders for sheep. We cannot urge 

» rr J too Strongly that farmers should not use 

oeusea ^^j^ feeders. The death rate is far 

higher and the gains are never as satisfactory. 




Lamb creep with rollers for uprights. 
(U. S. Farmers' Bui. No. 8io) 



Page Thirty-Six 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Good Pastures a Basic Crop 

THE luxuriance of the pastures of a farm is a measure 
of its fertility. Pastures are frequently neglected as 
factors in agricultural prosperity. They should be 
regarded as a crop, the same as wheat or corn, and made 
to yield abundantly. 

"I cannot spare the space for sheep raising," says 
one farmer. "I need all my land for money crops." 

In the first place, land devoted to pastures, if it is 
made to yield abundantly, is not "spared." It con- 
stitutes a valuable crop which yields a profitable return 
on the investment, and if it is in leguminous forage, it 
is contributing, at the same time, to the necessary fertility 
for future crops. Furthermore, the animals grazing 
upon it, also contribute to the maintenance of soil 
fertility. 

The reader will no doubt remember John J. Ingalls 
apostrophe to grass, in which he says: 

"Should its harvest fail for a single year, famine 
would depopulate the world." 

The truth of this statement, once impressed upon us, 
forces us to respect the economic importance of this 
lowly herb. 

What Senator Ingalls really meant was that our live 
stock could not exist without grass and that we could 
not exist without the livestock. 

Poor pastures should not, and need not be tolerated, 
but this form of inefficiency is far too common. Losses 
through poor pastures are very apt to be ascribed to the 
sheep or other live stock which cannot thrive upon them. 
Unless suf^cient fertility is maintained in the soil to 
nourish grasses, and the grasses actually raised, sheep 
cannot be expected to prosper any more than any other 
crop. 

Page Thirty-Seven 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

^ ^ p / Sheep are naturally grazing animals, 

Gooa Pastures Q^id unless they have adequate pastures 
Important they will not thrive. We have said 

before that they eat go per cent of all 
the species of weeds commonly found on the farm. 
Furthermore, they will clean up the hedgerows and the 
fence lines. But this should not be taken to imply that 
they can as well do without better pastures. Sheep 
deserve and need the best pastures we can make and 
will thrive in proportion to the quality of forage they 
get from the pasture. 

For sheep, grass should not be per- 
Value of mitted to grow too high, however. 

Native Grass Sheep need short sweet grasses. Wing 

says that the wild pasture grasses are 
best, and should be developed as much as possible. He 
also says that there are many kinds of pasture plants we 
can use to advantage, some of which are discussed in the 
following paragraphs. 

Rye is a sweet succulent pasture 
Rye Good and and is easily grown. It is not rich in 
Easy to Grow food value but is very wholesome ; 

and because of the ease with which 
it can be grown, is popular in all parts of the country. 
If the spring grain fields are put into winter rye, this 
will provide good feeding for the flock until time for 
planting the spring grain crop. Rye can be planted in 
any kind of waste place with good effect and will always 
pay for the trouble and cost. 

If the land is suitable, hairy vetch 
Vetch can be sown with the rye and the two 

and Rye will make a good food combination in 

spring. This will make a longer season 
for grazing and a better food, but cannot be so closely 
grazed in winter. A good plan will be to put part of 
the land into rye, and part into vetch and rye, and have 
a movable fence for a partition. 

Page Thirty-Eight 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

For late spring and early summer 
Alfalfa grazing, oats and alfalfa are good. 

and Oats Sow these crops on good soil and 

fertilize well if you would get good 
results. Sow them early and use liberal quantities of 
seed, about two bushels of oats and fifteen to twenty 
pounds of alfalfa seed to the acre. 

To graze these crops successfully, let the sheep run 
on them until eaten down close, then turn into other 
pastures or rotate with movable fences until a growth 
of oats and alfalfa gets started again. This can be 
repeated as often as the pasture is suitable for grazing. 

j'fiQ The clovers are among the best pas- 

Clovers ^^^^ crops, first because they are rich in 

food value for sheep and second, because 
they enrich the soil they grow on. Sheep that have these 
for the annual pasture are also less troubled with diseases. 
They nibble off the upper leaves, and get cleaner food. 
These plants, however, are rich in protein and would 
be too rich if grazed alone. When sown for pasture, 
orchard grass should be mixed with them. If grasses 
are to be had the animals will not overeat the richer foods. 

PI ]^ ± ^ ' Wing observes that pasturing on 

IJo Jyot uraze clover is never absolutely safe, but 
Clover Too the observance of a few simple rules 

Young will go far to insure safety. Do not 

graze young clover plants. Wait until 
they are almost to the blossoming stage. Do not graze 
hungry sheep on clover. Allow them to get almost 
filled up on other feeds before putting them into the 
cloverfield. Give them salt as soon as they are put upon 
pasture. 



Page Thirty-Nine 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Rape belongs to the cabbage family, 
Rape ana ^\\ branches of which fit well into the 

Cabbage diet of sheep. It yields well in food 

as Feeds value compared with other plants, but 

must be eaten green. Rape is gen- 
erally better for autumn, and will afford good pasturage 
after other pastures are gone. Sheep fattened on rape 
will require some grain to finish them solid. Dwarf Essex 
is the most popular variety. 

Cabbage makes a good feed, and where it can be 
grown successfully proves to be a cheap feed. Supple- 
mented with a small amount of grain it will be found 
useful in getting breeders ready for market. 

Every permanent pasture should 
Trees in have a few good shade trees in it for 

Pasture shelter from the sun in hot weather. 

Few breeders realize how much this 
means to the flock. Plenty of cool clean water is also 
important in the pasture. 




Panel and braces for making 
a portable sheep fence. 

(U. S. Farmers' Bui. No. 8io) 



Page Forty 



■■■^B ^^^^1 ^^1 




i||pi|piMj||B||HB 





<a 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

General Care and Management 

As has been stated above, sheep are 

Care of Sheep primarily grazing animals and must 

have pasture if they are expected to 

make reasonable returns. Open fields are not sufficient. 

Some permanent grasses must be available. 

Suitable houses should be provided, and feeding pens 
sufficient to give plenty of room without crowding. Plenty 
of fresh, clean water should be convenient at all times. 

The owner should mingle daily with the flock. He 
must know his sheep and let his sheep know him. Small 
amounts of feed should be given them daily even when 
they do not need it. This will keep them in better condi- 
tion and health and in good training. 

Do not forget to salt the sheep often. It will insure 
better health and greater returns at the market. Some 
feeders mix salt in with the feeds and find that it pays. 
Salt is not costly, but many feeders overlook its im- 
portance. 

Too much attention cannot be given to the fiock at 
lambing time. A slight change in methods of feeding and 
housing may spell the difference between success and 
failure. The ewes' should be dealt with gently and the 
lambs cared for from the time they are dropped. 

Dogs should be kept away from the flock at this time. . 
Ewes frequently give birth to dead lambs because of fright 
from dogs. 

All ewes do not pay, and some of 
Culling the them must go to the block. Some of 

Flock them will prove non-breeding, others 

poor milkers, and still others light 
shearers, and any one of these defects will prove sufficient 
for condemnation. This weeding out process or culling 
is very necessary in order to build up a paying flock. 

Page Forty-One 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

It is also well to sell ewes before they are too old for the 
butcher. For mutton sheep this is usually about the fifth 
year of their age. After that they are not very profitable 
as breeders nor well suited for the block. 

Sheep are kept for wool, even the 
Shearing mutton breeds, and must be sheared 

once a year just at the opening of 
summer. The old hand shearing is a thing of the past, 
except in certain places in the West and in the case of 
the small farmer who keeps only eight or ten head and 
does not have access to a mechanical shearer. 

F. R. Marshall says: "The tags or dung locks should 
be removed from the fleece, and then it should be rolled 
up, not too tightly, skin side out, and tied with paper 
twine. Wool buyers prefer this method of tying to that 
done with wool boxes." 

Dockina Docking is the removing of the tails of 

of Lamb's lambs and is an operation that every 

good sheep breeder attends to promptly 
and without fail. It is essential for lambs that are to be 
marketed. The tail is only a lodging place for burs, 
maggots and dirt and is sure to become a dead-weight 
and a drag upon the vitality of the growing animal. 
In fact, undocked lambs are discriminated against in 
the market. 

The operation is performed by means of a knife, chisel 
or hot iron, and should be attended to about a week 
before the work of castration. Cut the tail off about 
one inch from the body. Marshall says in Farmers, Bul- 
letin No. 840: 

'The lamb should be held with the rump resting on 
the top of a panel or pen partition, or upon a board if the 
hot irons are used. When docking with the hot iron the 
operator should work with the right hand, holding the tail 
in his left and pushing it toward the body. This will 
leave loose skin above the cut to close over the wound. 
Pine tar may be applied if flies are bad." 

Page Forty-Two 



PROGRESSIv^E SHEEP RAISING 

Castration Castration is an operation in lamb 

of Lambs production that is neglected only by 

the most careless or indifferent sheep 
raiser. Many uncastrated lambs still find their way 
to market, but principally from the small farms where 
up-to-date methods are not followed — never from the large 
farms or ranches where sheep raising is recognized as a 
business. These are discriminated against rather severely 
at times by buyers, whereas if castrated, they would have 
stood a fair chance of topping the market. 

Castrating should be done on a nice day, when lambs 
are from seven to fifteen days old. The lower third of 
the scrotum should be cut off and the testicles pulled 
straight out. If both testicles cannot be felt the operation 
should be delayed. There should be no further difficulty 
except in unusual cases. A mixture of tallow and turpen- 
tine may be applied to stay off soreness that might 
otherwise develop. - The proportions of tallow and 
turpentine should be such as to leave the mixture a 
soft paste or heavy liquid. Only a small quantity should 
be applied and that immediately to the wound. 

rpt. p. It is estimated that there are about 

1 he uog twenty-five million dogs in the United 

a Great States or one to every four persons, 

Hindrance and one for every two sheep. If dogs 

are properly guarded and kept closed 
in, they do not prove a menace to the sheep industry, but 
they are not kept confined as a general thing. Many a 
farmer who has waste land, and who formerly kept sheep 
to crop it has actually abandoned sheep raising because he 
felt that he would rather sacrifice this source of profit than 
try to cope with the dog nuisance. 

Many keepers of sheep have found a real field of use- 
fulness for the trained Collie. We do not go so far as to 
say that such a dog has no place in our economic scheme, 
even in times like these, when non-essentials in every form 

Page Forty-Three 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

are being sacrificed to the great objective and in support 
of the war. What we do urge is the passing of constructive 
legislation that will protect the few useful dogs as well as 
outlaw the great majority which do not and cannot serve 
any economic purpose, and which are a constant liability to 
the sheep-raising possibilities of the country. 

It would be an easy matter to con- 
Why Not Have trol this nuisance if public sentiment 
Dog Laws were in favor of a national dog law, 

whereby the owners of dogs would be 
required to pay for all damages done to livestock, but 
farmers have not yet asserted themselves in a co-operative 
way and in sufficient number to make their voices heard 
on this subject in the national capital. 

"Only one in seven farms of over twenty acres now 
supports sheep," says the Secretary of Agriculture in his 
annual report for iqi6, "with an average of one sheep of 
shearing age to three acres of land." 

In proportion as the small farms in any community 
are stocked with sheep, the obvious necessity for state 
dog laws will manifest itself, and there is no reason to 
believe that sentiment in favor of pet dogs will outweigh 
the practical requirement for more sheep and wool in a 
time like this. New York State has passed such a law 
and we are informed it works well in most cases. Com- 
plaints have been adjusted in the majority of instances 
without legal procedure. It would be well for those 
interested to write to the State Department of Agriculture, 
Albany, N. Y., and secure a copy of the law. 

In Farmer's Bulletin 935, United 
A Uniform States Department of Agriculture, 

Dog Law entitled "The Sheep Killing Dog," we 

find valuable suggestions for a uni- 
form dog law, which should command the attention of our 
legislators in the various states. A reasonable tax is 
suggested, and certain definite legal rights to deal with 

Page Forty-Four 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

dogs known to kill sheep. It requires that all dogs be 
confined at night. This is a wise provision since it is so 
well known that dogs do most of their mischief at night. 

A world of sentiment is bound up 
Sheep with the history of the sheep industry. 

Husbandry A flock grazing on a hillside is a poem 

within itself, and it is to be hoped we 
will never lose the faculty of enjoying this beautiful sight. 
That modem commerce has helped to eliminate much of 
this original sentiment from the happy associations of the 
shepherd and his flock we must admit, but there is no 
doubt that the shepherd has more enjoyment from watch- 
ing the flock than any of us can ever have from the busy 
life as found in our centers of commerce. 



Page Forty-Five 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Diseases of Sheep 

All animals are subject to certain diseases and this fact 
must be recognized by the owners of sheep. To deal with 
disease successfully one must keep advised of the latest 
remedies, and should, from time to time, write to his 
Experim.ent Station for such information. 

Wing in Sheep Farming in America — ^page 3 1 1 classifies 
diseases among sheep as follows: 

"First, there may be some external 
Sheep Diseases parasite, as the tick, louse, scab or foot- 
Classified rot (which is in a sense an external 

disease). 

"Second, there may be some form of internal para- 
sitism. This may be worms in the stomach or intestines, 
in the throat or lungs, or encysted worms making a bladder 
in the brain. And one or another of these internal para- 
sites is the cause of most of the sickness among sheep. 

"Last, there may be some derangement of the digestion 
due to improper feeding, no feeding at all, or gorging 
with grain. And in some regions, among the class of 
sheepmen who feed sheep in winter, nearly all diseases are 
of this origin. 

External "Now as to the chance of cure: For 

Diseases external parasites cure is easy and 

cheap. For scab, lice, and ticks there 
is the dipping bath. Foot-rot is also of rather easy 
treatment. 

"These things are matters requiring timely and prompt 
treatment and are no cause for alarm whatever except 
as scab breaks out in the winter time in the middle of the 
feeding season, when it is costly to dip and the sheep have 
serious setback therefrom.. Indeed, it is not just proper 
to class these external parasites as diseases, any more 
than fleas on a dog's back, though they produce disease if 
left unchecked. 

"The matter of internal parasites is much more serious." 

Page Forty-Six 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Stomach The two most common internal 

Worms troubles we have to deal with in sheep 

are the stomach worm and the nodular 
disease. These are hard to cure, but rather easy to 
prevent if one goes about it in the right way. The 
stomach worm is dropped on the pasture in the feces, 
and in that way scattered through the entire flock. If 
it once infects a pasture, the pasture should be rotated 
about every year or two, and necessary remedies applied 
to clear the flock of the disease. 

If the skin about the eyes and mouth is thin and pale 
and paper-like, the lambs very likely are infested with 
this worm. The treatment is a tablespoonful each of 
gasoline and raw linseed oil in about six ounces of cow s 
milk for a lamb, and half as much again for a sheep. 
Three doses must be given to effect a cure — one a day 
for three days on an empty stomach. See Kleinheinz' 
"Sheep Management," page in. The rotation of 
pastures is imperative. 

Nodular The nodular disease is indicated by 

Disease ^ cough, a drooping head, and thriftless 

or greaseless wool. Lambs become thin 
and shiftless, and the ewes lose weight and fail to respond 
to feeds. Medicines are not effective and cleanliness and 
rotation are necessary together with a thinning of the flock 
till all the disease is gone. 

Treating Constipation is indicated by strain- 

Intemal ^^S ^^'^ distress in the attempt to pass 

Diseases feces, or dung. Injections of luke- 

warm, soapy water should be given, and 
it will help if a tablespoonful of castor oil or milk of mag- 
nesia (hydroxid of magnesia) is given. 

White scours in lambs are caused by digestive disorder 
which usually result from mistakes in feeding the ewe, 
and hence are to be avoided largely by giving the ewe 
clean, wholesome feed and not changing the ration ab- 

Puie Forty-Seven 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

ruptly. A lamb having white scours should be taken 
from the ewe and allowed only a little of the milk. This 
can best be accomplished by milking the ewe out before 
letting the lamb nurse. Milk of magnesia given as sug- 
gested for constipation will help to correct the disorder. 

Acute Indigestion sometimes seizes young lambs. It 
is marked by great distress and frothing at the mouth. 
Castor oil (a tablespoonful) is a good remedy. 

For Sore Eyes put a drop or two of a 1 6-per cent solu- 
tion of argyrol in the eyes once each day. This should 
be done with an ordinary medicine dropper. 

Navel III should be avoided by dipping the navel cord 
in a cup of the tincture of iodine soon after the lamb is born. 

For Scabs or Poc-like Sores on the lips and nose, apply 
a fairly strong solution of sheep dip after the sores have 
been rubbed open. 

Sheep, like other domestic animals, 
Dipping become infested with vermin — lice, 

ticks and other skin parasites — and 
must be constantly looked after. 

They should be dipped very soon after they have been 
sheared. Marshall says they should be dipped on the 
morning of a fair warm day. Sheep are delicate animals 
and will develop cold if they lie down at night wet and 
cool. Any standard dipping solution can be used as per 
directions given with the material. 

I f the sheep have ticks they may require two dippings. 
The second should come about a month after the first. 

If sheep are allowed to graze too 

Avoid Bloating freely on alfalfa, they are apt to bloat, 

which often proves fatal. They thrive 

on pastures of native grass with heavy sprinkling of weeds 

or lespedeza and burr clover in more southern climates. 

Page Forty-Eigkt 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

By-Products of the Sheep 

THE inedible by-products of the sheep, as completely 
utilized by Armour and Company, are more valua- 
ble than those of either the steer or hog, considering 
their proportion to the carcass. 

Sheep pelts, of course, come first in value. This in- 
cludes the wool, which is valued not only for its fineness, 
but also for its length. 

Sheep skin is more generally used than any other one 
class of leather. It is used in shoes almost as much as 
calf. Cham.ois skins are today entirely made of sheep 
skin. The leather is used for bookbinding exclusively, 
for gloves, hatbands, suit cases, and a wide range of 
other articles. 

In the Armour wool houses the full length of the wool is 
saved by taking it out, roots and all, by means of chemicals 
instead of by shearing. 

This wool is hand sorted according to length, fineness 
and color into more than fifty grades. It is then scoured 
to remove dirt and grease, after which it is dried, baled 
and sold as "scoured pulled wool" direct to manufacturers. 

In the process of scouring lanolin is obtained. This is a 
fatty substance largely used in face creams and ointments 
because of its soothing effect on the skin. 

Musical strings, clock cord and surgical ligature for 
sewing up wounds, as well as casings for little sausages, are 
made exclusively from the intestines of the sheep. There 
is no such thing as catgut violin string, that being merely 
an arbitrary name for the product of the sheep. 

Suprarenalin, the active principle of the suprarenal 
gland, just above the kidney, is extensively used in medi- 
cine. More than 130,000 sheep are required to make a 
pound. 

Page Forty-Nine 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

Pancreatin, another medicine, is made from the pan- 
creatic gland, and still another from the mammary glands. 

The thyroid gland (seat of goitre in humans) yields an 
important medicinal product. 

A class of oleo oil is made from the better grade of 
mutton tallow, and enters into the manufacture of oleo- 
margarine. 

Inedible greases are used in soaps. An important by- 
product of soap-making is glycerin, which is in great 
demand for the manufacture of nitro-glycerin and other 
explosives and war munitions. The blood, dried and 
ground, makes calf feed and fertilizer. Hide trim- 
mings make glue. Bones and other waste make tankage 
and fertilizer. 

The complete utilization of all by-products of the sheep 
and other meat animals has been found practicable only 
in the largest packing plants, and is one of the triumphs of 
large-scale operation. It is made possible by two con- 
siderations — the comparatively recent development of 
large-scale refrigerative control of highly perishable by- 
products and the enormous volume of those by-products 
handled. 

This wholesale utilization of by-products brings about 
a number of important economic results of benefit to the 
whole country, among which may be mentioned: 

1 . The increased price which the packer is able to pay 
the farmer for his sheep and other live stock; 

2. The more uniform and perfect meat which the large 
packer is able to sell the local butcher at a lower cost than 
that at which he could buy and kill it locally for himself; 
and 

3. The employment of thousands of persons in the 
manufacture of these by-products, many of which would 
otherwise be discarded as of no value by the farmer 
himself or local butchers, who are even yet throwing them 
away as of no commercial value. 

Page Fijty 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 



Table of Receipts at Seven Markets 

In Round Numbers at Chicago, Kansas City, Omaha, 
St. Louis, St. Joseph, Sioux City and St. Paul for IQ17 
and IQ16. 



Months 



1Q17 



iqi6 



Gain 



Loss 



January. . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August . . . . 
September . 
October. . . 
November. 
December. , 



Totals. 



g65,qoo 
834,800 
801,300 
675.500 
477,800 
516,300 
572,600 
726,000 
1,259,000 
1,449,600 
853-300 
879,000 



922,200 

877,500 

755,qoo 

652,500 

693,100 

722,400 

706,100 

1,109,600 

1,500,900 

1,723,200 

1,059,600 

919,800 



43,700 
42,700 
45,400 
23,000 



10,011,100 11,642,800 



215,300 
206,100 
133,500 
384,600 
241,900 
273,600 
196,300 
40,800 



1,631,700 



Table Showing Range of Lamb Prices 

At Chicago During 191 7 for Native, Western and 
Colorado Lambs, as Compiled by the Chicago Drovers 
Journal, 



Months 



Native 



Western 



Colorado 



January... . 
February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August. . . . 
September . 
October. . . . 
November. . 
December.. 



$10 
1 1 

Q 

10. 

10, 

Q 

9 

Q 

1 1 

12 

12 

12, 



50 to 
00 to 
75 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 
00 to 



$14.25 

15.00 
15.00 
16.25 
*i9.oo 
17.00 
16.50 
17. 10 

18.35 
18.60 
17.40 
17.00 



.9.50 
10.00 
9.25 
9.00 
10.00 
10.00 
13 .00 
14.00 
16.75 
13.50 
13 .00 
1 1 .00 



to $14 
to 14 
to 15 
to 17 
to *i9 
to 16 
to 15 
to 17 
to 18 
to 18 
to 18 
to 17 



00 to $ 1 4 
50 to 14 
50 to 15 
25 to 17 

50 to *20 

00 to 18 



15-75 



*Record Prices. 



Page Fljty-One 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

List of Officers of the Various Sheep 
Breeders^ Associations 

MERINO — Fine wool breeds of related ancestry, but different 
development. American Merino, Delaine, Rambouillet are best 
known breeds or strains. All Merinos produce short wool of fine 
quality, and all are "wrinkled" where the loose skin is bent into 
folds. American and Delaine-Merino Association, S. M. Cleaver, 
Secretary, Delaware, Ohio; American Rambouillet Sheep Breeders' 
Association, Dwight Lincoln, Secretary, Marysville, Ohio. 

SOUTHDOWN — Small sheep of mutton type. Mouse brown 
and gray markings, good feeders, middle wool class, popular. 
American Southdown Breeders' Association, F. S. Springer, Secre- 
tary, Springfield, 111. 

SHROPSHIRE — Mutton type, middle wool class, black nose 
and legs, larger than Southdown. Prolific, good feeders, good top- 
pers. American Shropshire Association, J. M. Wade, Secretary, 
Lafayette, Ind. 

OXFORD DOWN — Much like Shropshire in appearance and 
general utility; larger. Brownish gray markings. Oxford Down 
Record Association, W. A. Shafer, Secretary, Hamilton, Ohio. 

HAMPSHIRE EX)WN— Mutton type, middle wool class. Black 
face and legs. Smaller than Oxford, larger than Shropshire, 
The American Hampshire Sheep Association, C. A. Tyler, Scretary, 
36 Woodland Avenue, Detroit, Mich. 

DORSET — Medium size, mutton type, homed, prolific, hardy. 
Good for early lamb production. Continental Dorset Club, Edith 
Chidester, Secretary, Mechanicsburg, Ohio. 

CHEVIOT — Good mutton breed, medium size. Distinctive 
appearance with snow-white head and legs. American Cheviot 
Society, Edward A. Standford, Secretary, Cooperstown, N. Y. 

LEICESTER — Large, long-wool breed. Leicester Breeders* 
Association, A. J. Temple, Secretary, Cameron, III. 

COTS WOLD — Large, long- wool breed, curly fleece. American 
Cotswold Association, F. W. Harding, Secretary, Waukesha, Wis. 

LINCOLN — Long-wool breed. Largest of all English breeds. 
National Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Association, Bert Smith, Secre- 
tary, Charlotte, Mich. 

Page Fifty- Two 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

ROMNEY MARSH or KENT— Long-wool breed, but not so 
well known as many of the other long- wool breeds. This breed is 
adapted more to lowlands, and is said to resist especially the foot 
rot so common among most breeds when grazing wet lands The 
wool is long and soft and the yield high. It ranks well as a mutton 
type. Romney Marsh Association, Mark Havenhill, Ames, Iowa. 

CORRIEDALE — ^May be classed as a long- wool breed. Was 
developed in New Zealand from the Lincoln-Merino crosses, and is 
intermediate between these two types. Smaller than the Lincoln 
and larger than the Merino. The wool is long and silky. Has 
great promise as a dual purpose sheep. American Corriedale 
Association, M. R. Johnston, Secretary, Wheatland, Wyoming. 



Page Fifty -Three 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

REFERENCES 

Publications of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, available for free distribution by 
the Department: 

"Sheep Scab," Farmers' Bulletin No. 713. 

"The Sheep Tick and Its Eradication by Dipping," 

Farmers' Bulletin No. 798. 
"Equipment for Farm Sheep Raising," Farmers' Bulletin No. 810. 
"Farm Sheep Raising for Beginners," Farmers' Bulletin No. 840. 
"Breeds of Sheep for the Farm," Farmers' Bulletin No. 576. 
"The Sheep Killing Dog," Farmers' Bulletin No. 652. 

For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. : 

"The Management of Sheep on the Farm," 

Department Bulletin No. 20 — Price 10 cents. 
"Domestic Breeds of Sheep in America," 

Department Bulletin No. 94 — Price 25 cents. 
**The Wool Grower and the Wool Trade," 

Department Bulletin No. 206 — Price 1 5 cents. 
"Features of the Sheep Industries of United States New Zealand, 

and Australia Compared," 

Department Bulletin No. 313 — Price 10 cents. 
"Our Present Knowledge of the Distribution and Importance of 

Some Parasitic Diseases of Sheep and Cattle in the United States' 

Bureau of Animal Industry Circular No. 1Q3 — Price 5 cents. 

BOOKS ON SHEEP 
"Productive Sheep Husbandry" Includes a full account of the 

breeds. W. C. Coffey (Lippincott) 
"Western Live Stock Management," 

E. L. Potter, Oregon (MacMillan & Company). 

1 20 pages on sheep — Good on range conditions. 
"Judging Live Stock," 

John D. Craig (Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co., Des Moines, la.) 

Twenty-five pages on Sheep — very good. 
"Principles and Practice of Judging Live Stock." 

Gay (MacMillan & Co.) Thirty pages on sheep. 

Page Fifty -Four 



PROGRESSIVE SHEEP RAISING 

"The Winter Lamb," 

Miller, Miller & Wing (J. E. Wing Publishing Co., Mechanics- 
burg, Ohio). Seventy pages. 
"Sheep Farming," 

John A. Craig (MacMillan & Co., New York). 302 pages. 
"Sheep Farming in America," 

Joe Wing (Breeders, Gazette, Chicago, 111.'' 
"Sheep Management, Breeds and Judging," 

326 pages, 1 01 Illustrations. 

Frank Kleinheinz, University of Wisconsin. 

BOOKS ON BREEDS 
"Sheep Breeds and Management," 

John Wrightson (Vinton & Co., London.) 
"Types and Breeds of Farm Animals," 

C. S. Plumb (Ginn & Co.) 

122 pages on sheep. 
"Modern Sheep Breeds and Management, 'Shepherd Boy'." 

(American Sheep Breeders, Chicago) . 

331 pages. 
"Breeding Farm Animals," 

F. R. Marshall (Breeders, Gazette). 

Eleven pages on Sheep. 
"Types and Classes of Live Stock," 

H. W. Vaughan, Iowa (R. S. Adams & Co., Columbus, Ohio). 

Seventy- two pages on Sheep — Very fine. 
"The Breeds of Live Stock," 

C. W. Gay, Penn. (MacMillan Co.) 

Sixty-five pages on Sheep. 

BOOKS ON FEEDS 
"Productive Feeding of P"arm Animals," 

F. W. Woll (Lippincott). 
"Management and Feeding of Sheep," 

Thomas Shaw (Orange Judd, & Company, New York). 

471 pages. 
"The Feeding of Animals," 

W. H. Jordan (MacMillan Co., New York). 
"Feeds and Feeding," 

Henry & Morrison (The Henry Morrison Co., Madison, Wise.) 

Sixty pages on Sheep. 
"First Principles of Feeding Farm Animals," 

C. W. Burhett (Orange Judd & Company, New York). 

Eighteen pages on Sheep. 
"Sheep Feeding and Farm Management," 

Doane (Ginn & Company). 

Page Fifty-Five 




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